HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 292/1/C82    most recent 00287.2006v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (158) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Mehta, P. K. Articles by Griendling, K. K. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Mehta, P. K. Articles by Griendling, K. K.

INVITED REVIEWS

Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system

Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

The renin-angiotensin system is a central component of the physiological and pathological responses of cardiovascular system. Its primary effector hormone, angiotensin II (ANG II), not only mediates immediate physiological effects of vasoconstriction and blood pressure regulation, but is also implicated in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and congestive heart failure. The myriad effects of ANG II depend on time (acute vs. chronic) and on the cells/tissues upon which it acts. In addition to inducing G protein- and non-G protein-related signaling pathways, ANG II, via AT₁ receptors, carries out its functions via MAP kinases (ERK 1/2, JNK, p38MAPK), receptor tyrosine kinases [PDGF, EGFR, insulin receptor], and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases [Src, JAK/STAT, focal adhesion kinase (FAK)]. AT₁R-mediated NAD(P)H oxidase activation leads to generation of reactive oxygen species, widely implicated in vascular inflammation and fibrosis. ANG II also promotes the association of scaffolding proteins, such as paxillin, talin, and p130Cas, leading to focal adhesion and extracellular matrix formation. These signaling cascades lead to contraction, smooth muscle cell growth, hypertrophy, and cell migration, events that contribute to normal vascular function, and to disease progression. This review focuses on the structure and function of AT₁ receptors and the major signaling mechanisms by which angiotensin influences cardiovascular physiology and pathology.

vascular smooth muscle; NAD(P)H oxidase; tyrosine and nontyrosine receptor kinases; endothelial dysfunction; vascular disease

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Y. Zhang, J. C. Naggar, C. M. Welzig, D. Beasley, K. S. Moulton, H.-J. Park, and J. B. Galper Simvastatin Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice: Possible Role of ERK Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2009; 29(11): 1764 - 1771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Bregeon, G. Loirand, P. Pacaud, and M. Rolli-Derkinderen Angiotensin II induces RhoA activation through SHP2-dependent dephosphorylation of the RhoGAP p190A in vascular smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): C1062 - C1070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kimura and S. Eguchi Angiotensin II type-1 receptor regulates RhoA and Rho-kinase/ROCK activation via multiple mechanisms. Focus on "Angiotensin II induces RhoA activation through SHP2-dependent dephosphorylation of the RhoGAP p190A in vascular smooth muscle cells" Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): C1059 - C1061. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Verdecchia, P. Sleight, G. Mancia, R. Fagard, B. Trimarco, R. E. Schmieder, J.-H. Kim, G. Jennings, P. Jansky, J.-H. Chen, et al. Effects of Telmisartan, Ramipril, and Their Combination on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Individuals at High Vascular Risk in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global End Point Trial and the Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects With Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, October 6, 2009; 120(14): 1380 - 1389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Sanada, Y. Taniyama, K. Iekushi, J. Azuma, K. Okayama, H. Kusunoki, N. Koibuchi, T. Doi, Y. Aizawa, and R. Morishita Negative Action of Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met System on Angiotensin II Signaling via Ligand-Dependent Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor Degradation Mechanism in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., September 25, 2009; 105(7): 667 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Yue, W. Li, R. Desnoyer, and S. S. Karnik Role of nuclear unphosphorylated STAT3 in angiotensin II type 1 receptor-induced cardiac hypertrophy Cardiovasc Res, September 16, 2009; (2009) cvp285v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Kassiri, J. Zhong, D. Guo, R. Basu, X. Wang, P. P. Liu, J. W. Scholey, J. M. Penninger, and G. Y. Oudit Loss of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Accelerates Maladaptive Left Ventricular Remodeling in Response to Myocardial Infarction Circ Heart Fail, September 1, 2009; 2(5): 446 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Gusev, A. A. Domenighetti, L. M.D. Delbridge, T. Pedrazzini, E. Niggli, and M. Egger Angiotensin II-Mediated Adaptive and Maladaptive Remodeling of Cardiomyocyte Excitation-Contraction Coupling Circ. Res., July 2, 2009; 105(1): 42 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Zhang, G. Wang, D. J. Dupre, Y. Feng, M. Robitaille, E. Lazartigues, Y.-H. Feng, T. E. Hebert, and G. Wu Rab1 GTPase and Dimerization in the Cell Surface Expression of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2009; 330(1): 109 - 117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. D. Tang p130 Crk-Associated Substrate (CAS) in Vascular Smooth Muscle Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, June 1, 2009; 14(2): 89 - 98. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. L. Modrick, S. P. Didion, C. D. Sigmund, and F. M. Faraci Role of oxidative stress and AT1 receptors in cerebral vascular dysfunction with aging Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2009; 296(6): H1914 - H1919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-S. Kim, T. Y. Huang, and G. M. Bokoch Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate a Slingshot-Cofilin Activation Pathway Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 2009; 20(11): 2650 - 2660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Mercure, G. Prescott, M.-J. Lacombe, D. W. Silversides, and T. L. Reudelhuber Chronic Increases in Circulating Prorenin Are not Associated With Renal or Cardiac Pathologies Hypertension, June 1, 2009; 53(6): 1062 - 1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. White, H. Ross, S. Levesque, L. Whittom, G. B Pelletier, N. Racine, S. Meloche, and L. Voisin Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Versus Valsartan on Cellular Signaling Events in Heart Transplant Ann. Pharmacother., May 1, 2009; 43(5): 831 - 839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K Akat, M Borggrefe, and J J Kaden Aortic valve calcification: basic science to clinical practice Heart, April 1, 2009; 95(8): 616 - 623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Iadecola, L. Park, and C. Capone Threats to the Mind: Aging, Amyloid, and Hypertension Stroke, March 1, 2009; 40(3_suppl_1): S40 - S44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Suzuki, K. Kimura, H. Shirai, K. Eguchi, S. Higuchi, A. Hinoki, K. Ishimaru, E. Brailoiu, D. N. Dhanasekaran, L. N. Stemmle, et al. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibits G12/13 and Rho-Kinase Activated by the Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor: Implication in Vascular Migration Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2009; 29(2): 217 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. D. Ramseyer and J. L. Garvin Angiotensin II Decreases Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 Expression via Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in the Thick Ascending Limb Hypertension, February 1, 2009; 53(2): 313 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. V. Chatzikyriakou, D. N. Tziakas, G. K. Chalikias, D. A. Stakos, A. K. Thomaidi, K. Mitrousi, A. E. Lantzouraki, S. Kotsiou, E. Maltezos, and H. Boudoulas Serum levels of collagen type-I degradation markers are associated with vascular stiffness in chronic heart failure patients Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2008; 10(12): 1181 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. E. Striker, F. Praddaude, O. Alcazar, S. W. Cousins, and M. E. Marin-Castano Regulation of angiotensin II receptors and extracellular matrix turnover in human retinal pigment epithelium: role of angiotensin II Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): C1633 - C1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Di Zhang, A. N. D. Cat, C. Soukaseum, B. Escoubet, A. Cherfa, S. Messaoudi, C. Delcayre, J.-L. Samuel, and F. Jaisser Cross-Talk Between Mineralocorticoid and Angiotensin II Signaling for Cardiac Remodeling Hypertension, December 1, 2008; 52(6): 1060 - 1067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Schmid, H. Stopper, F. Schweda, N. Queisser, and N. Schupp Angiotensin II Induces DNA Damage in the Kidney Cancer Res., November 15, 2008; 68(22): 9239 - 9246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. E. Gallagher, C. M. Ferrario, and E. A. Tallant MAP kinase/phosphatase pathway mediates the regulation of ACE2 by angiotensin peptides Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2008; 295(5): C1169 - C1174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Sun, P. Yue, Z. Ying, A. J. Cardounel, R. D. Brook, R. Devlin, J.-S. Hwang, J. L. Zweier, L. C. Chen, and S. Rajagopalan Air Pollution Exposure Potentiates Hypertension Through Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Activation of Rho/ROCK Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2008; 28(10): 1760 - 1766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-G. Wei, Y. Yu, Z.-H. Zhang, R. M. Weiss, and R. B. Felder Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Mediate Upregulation of Hypothalamic Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors in Heart Failure Rats Hypertension, October 1, 2008; 52(4): 679 - 686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Papparella, G. Ceolotto, D. Montemurro, M. Antonello, S. Garbisa, G. Rossi, and A. Semplicini Green Tea Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Production and the Src/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor/Akt Signaling Pathway J. Nutr., September 1, 2008; 138(9): 1596 - 1601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. Banday and M. F. Lokhandwala Oxidative stress-induced renal angiotensin AT1 receptor upregulation causes increased stimulation of sodium transporters and hypertension Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2008; 295(3): F698 - F706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-X. Lin, N.-E. Rhaleb, X.-P. Yang, T.-D. Liao, M. A. D'Ambrosio, and O. A. Carretero Prevention of aortic fibrosis by N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline in angiotensin II-induced hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2008; 295(3): H1253 - H1261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. O. Deakin and C. E. Turner Paxillin comes of age J. Cell Sci., August 1, 2008; 121(15): 2435 - 2444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Bagi, N. Erdei, and A. Koller High intraluminal pressure via H2O2 upregulates arteriolar constrictions to angiotensin II by increasing the functional availability of AT1 receptors Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): H835 - H841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T.-D. Liao, X.-P. Yang, Y.-H. Liu, E. G. Shesely, M. A. Cavasin, W. A. Kuziel, P. J. Pagano, and O. A. Carretero Role of Inflammation in the Development of Renal Damage and Dysfunction in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension Hypertension, August 1, 2008; 52(2): 256 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Kim, L. Zhang, K. Peppel, J.-H. Wu, D. A. Zidar, L. Brian, S. M. DeWire, S. T. Exum, R. J. Lefkowitz, and N. J. Freedman {beta}-Arrestins Regulate Atherosclerosis and Neointimal Hyperplasia by Controlling Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration Circ. Res., July 3, 2008; 103(1): 70 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-M. Kang, Z.-H. Zhang, B. Xue, R. M. Weiss, and R. B. Felder Inhibition of brain proinflammatory cytokine synthesis reduces hypothalamic excitation in rats with ischemia-induced heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): H227 - H236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. J. Welch Angiotensin II-Dependent Superoxide: Effects on Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction Hypertension, July 1, 2008; 52(1): 51 - 56. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Gauthier, D. X. Zhang, L. Cui, K. Nithipatikom, and W. B. Campbell Angiotensin II Relaxations of Bovine Adrenal Cortical Arteries: Role of Angiotensin II Metabolites and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Hypertension, July 1, 2008; 52(1): 150 - 155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Cook, R. N. Re, D. L. deHaro, J. M. Abadie, M. Peters, and J. Alam The Trafficking Protein GABARAP Binds to and Enhances Plasma Membrane Expression and Function of the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Circ. Res., June 20, 2008; 102(12): 1539 - 1547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Imayama, T. Ichiki, D. Patton, K. Inanaga, R. Miyazaki, H. Ohtsubo, Q. Tian, K. Yano, and K. Sunagawa Liver X Receptor Activator Downregulates Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression Through Dephosphorylation of Sp1 Hypertension, June 1, 2008; 51(6): 1631 - 1636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Eguchi Triple Twist Theory of Rho Inhibition by the Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Circ. Res., May 23, 2008; 102(10): 1143 - 1145. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Gratze, R. Dechend, C. Stocker, J.-K. Park, S. Feldt, E. Shagdarsuren, M. Wellner, F. Gueler, S. Rong, V. Gross, et al. Novel Role for Inhibitor of Differentiation 2 in the Genesis of Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension Circulation, May 20, 2008; 117(20): 2645 - 2656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Giani, M. M. Gironacci, M. C. Munoz, D. Turyn, and F. P. Dominici Angiotensin-(1-7) has a dual role on growth-promoting signalling pathways in rat heart in vivo by stimulating STAT3 and STAT5a/b phosphorylation and inhibiting angiotensin II-stimulated ERK1/2 and Rho kinase activity Exp Physiol, May 1, 2008; 93(5): 570 - 578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. C. Li and J. L. Zhuo Intracellular ANG II directly induces in vitro transcription of TGF-{beta}1, MCP-1, and NHE-3 mRNAs in isolated rat renal cortical nuclei via activation of nuclear AT1a receptors Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): C1034 - C1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Xiao, Z. Xu, X. Huang, L. D. Longo, S. Yang, and L. Zhang Prenatal Gender-Related Nicotine Exposure Increases Blood Pressure Response to Angiotensin II in Adult Offspring Hypertension, April 1, 2008; 51(4): 1239 - 1247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Letavernier, J. Perez, A. Bellocq, L. Mesnard, A. de Castro Keller, J.-P. Haymann, and L. Baud Targeting the Calpain/Calpastatin System as a New Strategy to Prevent Cardiovascular Remodeling in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension Circ. Res., March 28, 2008; 102(6): 720 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Vasan, S. Demissie, M. Kimura, L. A. Cupples, N. Rifai, C. White, T. J. Wang, J. P. Gardner, X. Cao, E. J. Benjamin, et al. Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length With Circulating Biomarkers of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, March 4, 2008; 117(9): 1138 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. K. Doughan, D. G. Harrison, and S. I. Dikalov Molecular Mechanisms of Angiotensin II-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Linking Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction Circ. Res., February 29, 2008; 102(4): 488 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Nobe, T. Yamazaki, T. Kumai, M. Okazaki, S. Iwai, T. Hashimoto, S. Kobayashi, K. Oguchi, and K. Honda Alterations of Glucose-Dependent and -Independent Bladder Smooth Muscle Contraction in Spontaneously Hypertensive and Hyperlipidemic Rat J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2008; 324(2): 631 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. E. Herbert, Y. Mistry, R. Hastings, T. Poolman, L. Niklason, and B. Williams Angiotensin II-Mediated Oxidative DNA Damage Accelerates Cellular Senescence in Cultured Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Telomere-Dependent and Independent Pathways Circ. Res., February 1, 2008; 102(2): 201 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Rose, J. Bond, S. Tighe, M. J. Toth, T. L. Wellman, E. M. B. de Montiano, M. M. Lewinter, and K. M. Lounsbury Genes overexpressed in cerebral arteries following salt-induced hypertensive disease are regulated by angiotensin II, JunB, and CREB Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): H1075 - H1085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Konigshoff, A. Wilhelm, A. Jahn, D. Sedding, O. V. Amarie, B. Eul, W. Seeger, L. Fink, A. Gunther, O. Eickelberg, et al. The Angiotensin II Receptor 2 Is Expressed and Mediates Angiotensin II Signaling in Lung Fibrosis Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., December 1, 2007; 37(6): 640 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Mogi, M. Iwai, and M. Horiuchi Emerging Concepts of Regulation of Angiotensin II Receptors: New Players and Targets for Traditional Receptors Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2007; 27(12): 2532 - 2539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Xu, C.-H. Ha, C. Wong, W. Wang, A. Hausser, K. Pfizenmaier, E. N. Olson, T. A. McKinsey, and Z.-G. Jin Angiotensin II Stimulates Protein Kinase D-Dependent Histone Deacetylase 5 Phosphorylation and Nuclear Export Leading to Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Hypertrophy Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2355 - 2362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Harris, H. I. Cohn, S. Pesant, R.-H. Zhou, and A. D. Eckhart Vascular smooth muscle Gq signaling is involved in high blood pressure in both induced renal and genetic vascular smooth muscle-derived models of hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): H3072 - H3079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Hu, A. Dandapat, and J. L Mehta Angiotensin II Induces Capillary Formation From Endothelial Cells Via the LOX-1 Dependent Redox-Sensitive Pathway Hypertension, November 1, 2007; 50(5): 952 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Aboa-Eboule, C. Brisson, E. Maunsell, B. Masse, R. Bourbonnais, M. Vezina, A. Milot, P. Theroux, and G. R. Dagenais Job Strain and Risk of Acute Recurrent Coronary Heart Disease Events JAMA, October 10, 2007; 298(14): 1652 - 1660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Cooper, A. Whaley-Connell, J. Habibi, Y. Wei, G. Lastra, C. Manrique, S. Stas, and J. R. Sowers Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress in cardiovascular insulin resistance Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): H2009 - H2023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Hitomi, H. Kiyomoto, A. Nishiyama, T. Hara, K. Moriwaki, K. Kaifu, G. Ihara, Y. Fujita, T. Ugawa, and M. Kohno Aldosterone Suppresses Insulin Signaling Via the Downregulation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Hypertension, October 1, 2007; 50(4): 750 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Yogi, G.E. Callera, A.C.I. Montezano, A.B. Aranha, R.C. Tostes, E.L. Schiffrin, and R.M. Touyz Endothelin-1, but not Ang II, Activates MAP Kinases Through c-Src-Independent Ras-Raf-Dependent Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2007; 27(9): 1960 - 1967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Sachse and G. Wolf Angiotensin II Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and the Kidney J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2007; 18(9): 2439 - 2446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Y. Oudit, Z. Kassiri, M. P. Patel, M. Chappell, J. Butany, P. H. Backx, R. G. Tsushima, J. W. Scholey, R. Khokha, and J. M. Penninger Angiotensin II-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation mediate the age-dependent cardiomyopathy in ACE2 null mice Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2007; 75(1): 29 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. L. Reudelhuber, K. E. Bernstein, and P. Delafontaine Is Angiotensin II a Direct Mediator of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy?: Time for Another Look Hypertension, June 1, 2007; 49(6): 1196 - 1201. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L Zhuo and X. C Li Review: Novel roles of intracrine angiotensin II and signalling mechanisms in kidney cells Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2007; 8(1): 23 - 33. [Abstract] [PDF]