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1 Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States; CHU and INSERM, ERI-12, Pole Anesthesie Reanimation, Amiens, France
2 Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States; Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
3 Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
4 CHU, Pole Anesthesie Reanimation, Amiens, France
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: eabraham{at}uab.edu.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to neutrophil activation and the development of acute inflammatory processes in which neutrophils play a central role. However, there is only limited information concerning the mechanisms through which extracellular ROS, and particularly cell membrane impermeable species, such as superoxide, enhance the proinflammatory properties of neutrophils. To address this issue, neutrophils were exposed to superoxide generating combinations of xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine or lumazine. Extracellular superoxide generation induced nuclear translocation of NF-
B and increased neutrophil production of the NF-B dependent cytokines TNF-
and MIP-2. In contrast, there were no changes in TNF- or MIP-2 expression when neutrophils lacking TLR4 were exposed to extracellular superoxide. Immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies demonstrated association between TLR4 and xanthine oxidase. Exposure of neutrophils to heparin attenuated binding of xanthine oxidase to the cell surface as well as interactions with TLR4. Heparin also decreased xanthine oxidase induced nuclear translocation of NF-B as well as production of proinflammatory cytokines. These results demonstrate that extracellular superoxide has proinflammatory effects on neutrophils, predominantly acting through a TLR4 dependent mechanism that enhances nuclear translocation of NF-B and increases expression of NF-B dependent cytokines.
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