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is a mitogen in skeletal muscle
1 Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: yiping{at}bcm.tmc.edu.
Emerging evidence suggests that tumor necrosis factor-
(TNF-
) plays a role in muscle repair. To determine whether TNF-
modulates satellite cell proliferation, the current study evaluated TNF-
effects on DNA synthesis in primary myoblasts and on satellite cell activation in adult mouse muscle. Exposure to recombinant TNF-
increased total DNA content in rat primary myoblasts dose-dependently over a 24 hr period, and the number of primary myoblasts incorporating 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) during a 30 min pulse labeling. Systemic injection of TNF-
stimulated BrdU incorporation by satellite cells in muscles of adult mice, while no BrdU was incorporated by satellite cells in control mice. TNF-
stimulated serum response factor (SRF) binding to the serum response element (SRE) present in the c-fos gene promoter, and reporter gene expression controlled by the same element. Our data suggest that TNF-
activates satellite cells to enter the cell cycle and accelerates G1 to S phase transition, and these actions may involve activation of early response genes via SRF.
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