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1 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States
2 University of Southern California, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, United States
3 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States; University of Southern California, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, United States
4 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles, California, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zborok{at}usc.edu.
Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a water channel protein expressed on the apical surface of alveolar epithelial type I cells in distal rat lung, suggesting a role for AQP5 in regulating alveolar surface liquid tonicity and/or cell volume. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying hypertonic induction of AQP5 in primary rat alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). Steady-state levels of AQP5 mRNA and protein were increased by exposure to sorbitol (200 mM in culture fluid) for 24 hr. The increase in AQP5 was not accompanied by changes in mRNA half-life. Transduction of mouse lung epithelial (MLE-15) cells and primary rat AEC with lentivirus vectors encoding AQP5-luciferase demonstrated transcriptional activation of the reporter by exposure to hypertonic sorbitol solution. Hybridization of proteins from sorbitol-treated cells to a transcription factor DNA array demonstrated induction of hypoxia inducible factor-1
(HIF-1) by hypertonicity, which was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Co-transfections of AQP5-luciferase with HIF-1 and HIF-1
expression plasmids in MLE-15 cells led to dose-dependent transcriptional enhancement which was partially abrogated by mutagenesis of putative HIF-1 binding sites in the proximal AQP5 promoter. Importantly, hypertonic induction of AQP5 was significantly inhibited by preventing HIF-1 induction with siRNA. Hypertonicity induced activation of a transiently transfected vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) hypoxia response element (HRE)-driven luciferase construct and increased expression of endogenous VEGF. These results demonstrate that hypertonic induction of both AQP5 and VEGF is transcriptionally regulated and mediated, at least in part, by HIF-1, suggesting a novel role for HIF-1 in modulating cellular adaptive responses to osmotic stress.
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