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Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (March 2, 2005). doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00040.2005
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Submitted on February 1, 2005
Accepted on March 1, 2005

Lower force and impaired performance during high intensity electrical stimulation in skeletal muscle of GAMT deficient knockout mice

Hermien E Kan1*, Tinelies E Buse-Pot2, Ruben Peco3, Dirk Isbrandt1, Arend Heerschap4, and Arnold de Haan4

1 Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, The Netherlands
2 Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3 Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
4 Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, The Netherlands; Institute for Biophysical and Clinical Research into Human Movement, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: h.kan{at}rad.umcn.nl.

Force characteristics of skeletal muscle of knockout mice lacking creatine (Cr) due to a deletion of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) were studied in situ. Medial gastrocnemius muscles of anesthetized GAMT deficient (GAMT-/-) and control (Con) littermates were stimulated at optimum length via the sciatic nerve at different stimulation frequencies (60-250 Hz). GAMT-/- mice showed reduced maximal tetanic and twitch force, reduced relative force at 60 Hz and increased relaxation times. High intensity fatigue protocols consisting of 30 successive isometric or dynamic contractions showed a strong reduction in force at the beginning of the series in GAMT-/- mice followed by a smaller reduction compared to Con littermates towards the end of the series. Cr supplementation for two days in GAMT-/- animals (GAMT-/-Cr) resulted in normalization to Con values for relaxation times, relative force at lower stimulation frequencies and relative force during 30 isometric contractions. Force per muscle mass, however, remained decreased. Furthermore, GAMT-/-Cr mice showed differences compared to both Con and unsupplemented animals in maximal rates of force rise and relaxation times during the isometric protocol as well as in force during the dynamic protocol. Our results show that the absence of Cr plays a direct role in relaxation times, maximal rate of force rise and force production during high intensity fatigue protocols. The lower force per muscle mass, however, is probably caused by other factors as, for example, high intracellular guanidinoacetate concentrations.




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H. E. Kan, E. Meeuwissen, J. J. van Asten, A. Veltien, D. Isbrandt, and A. Heerschap
Creatine uptake in brain and skeletal muscle of mice lacking guanidinoacetate methyltransferase assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2007; 102(6): 2121 - 2127.
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