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MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS, ION CHANNELS, AND PUMPS

Ouabain stimulates protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation in opossum kidney proximal tubule cells through an ERK-dependent pathway

¹Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and ²Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

Submitted 18 October 2006 ; accepted in final form 12 July 2007

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION GRANTS REFERENCES

 
Endogenous cardiotonic glycosides bind to the inhibitory binding site of the plasma membrane sodium pump (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase). Plasma levels of endogenous cardiotonic glycosides increase in several disease states, such as essential hypertension and uremia. Low concentrations of ouabain, which do not inhibit Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, induce cell proliferation. The mechanisms of ouabain-mediated response remain unclear. Recently, we demonstrated that in opossum kidney (OK) proximal tubular cells, low concentrations of ouabain induce cell proliferation through phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) in a calcium-dependent manner. In the present study, we identified ERK as an upstream kinase regulating Akt activation in ouabain-stimulated cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that low concentrations of ouabain stimulate Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ⁸⁶Rb uptake in an Akt-, ERK-, and Src kinase-dependent manner. Ouabain-mediated ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by blockade of intracellular calcium release, calcium entry, tyrosine kinases, and phospholipase C. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphoinositide-3 kinase and Akt failed to inhibit ouabain-stimulated ERK phosphorylation. Ouabain-mediated Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by U0126, a MEK/ERK inhibitor, suggesting that ouabain-mediated Akt phosphorylation is dependent on ERK. In an in vitro kinase assay, active recombinant ERK phosphorylated recombinant Akt on Ser⁴⁷³. Moreover, transient transfection with constitutively active MEK1, an upstream regulator of ERK, increased Akt phosphorylation and activation, whereas overexpression of constitutively active Akt failed to stimulate ERK phosphorylation. Ouabain at low concentrations also promoted cell proliferation in an ERK-dependent manner. These findings suggest that ouabain-stimulated ERK phosphorylation is required for Akt phosphorylation on Ser⁴⁷³, cell proliferation, and stimulation of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ⁸⁶Rb uptake in OK cells.

opossum kidney cells; sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase; extracellular signal-regulated kinase; cell proliferation

Cardiac glycosides such as ouabain are potent inhibitors of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ion transport (3). In some cells however, ouabain at low concentrations appears to act like a steroid hormone and not an ion transport inhibitor. Ouabain activates several signaling proteins including phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K), tyrosine kinases, the Ras-Raf MEK pathway, and protein kinase C (PKC) in cardiac myocytes. This occurs through the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and appears to cause hypertrophy (23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 43–45). In proximal tubule cells, a 1 nM concentration of ouabain is sufficient to activate extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and stimulate cell proliferation (6). Ouabain is also known to trigger calcium oscillations in kidney proximal tubular cells (1). Significantly, plasma levels of endogenous cardiotonic glycosides (ouabain and marinobufagenin), normal products of mammalian adrenal glands, are increased in various disease states such as essential hypertension (29) and chronic renal failure (19), experimental uremia (14), and high salt intake-induced hypertension (28).

We recently demonstrated that 10 nM ouabain induced Akt-Ser⁴⁷³ phosphorylation and promoted cell proliferation (22). However, results from other laboratories point to a role for ERK in ouabain response that leads to cell proliferation (6). Thus several questions remain for better understanding of how these two proliferative pathways regulate cell proliferation. Akt and ERK pathways could independently promote cell proliferation. Alternatively, cross talk or interdependence between ERK and Akt signaling pathways could exist. The goal of the present study was to decipher the relationship, if any, between ERK and Akt pathways from the context of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ion transport. Akt is present in the cytosol of unstimulated cells. Phospholipids generated by activation of PI-3K bind to the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Akt, recruiting it to the plasma membrane. Once at the plasma membrane, Akt is activated by phosphorylation on two sites, namely, Thr³⁰⁸ and Ser⁴⁷³ (36). Although Thr³⁰⁸ is known to be phosphorylated by 3'-phosphoinositide-dependent kinases-1 (PDK1), the identity of PDK2, which phosphorylates Ser⁴⁷³, has been debated for several years (7). Several candidate kinases have been reported to function as PDK2, including integrin-linked kinase (4, 40), Akt itself (39), MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2; Ref. 35), double-stranded DNA-dependent protein kinase (8, 15), ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (42), and, most recently, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; Refs. 17, 38). In this study we present data suggesting that in ouabain-stimulated cells, ERK is required for Akt phosphorylation at Ser⁴⁷³. Consistent with this idea, we have demonstrated that ouabain-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in opossum kidney (OK) proximal tubular cells is dependent on ERK phosphorylation. Interestingly, the response was associated with stimulation of Na⁺/K⁺ transport in a manner dependent on Src kinase.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION GRANTS REFERENCES

 
Materials. Ouabain, 8-(diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8), and SKF-96365 were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Akt inhibitor [1L-6-hydroxymethyl-chiro-inositol 2-(R)-2-O-methyl-3-O-octadecylcarbonate], genistein, LY-294002, and edelfosine (ET18-OCH₃, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipase C) were purchased from Calbiochem-EMD Biosciences (San Diego, CA). Constitutively active, dominant negative, and wild-type MEK1 and Akt cDNAs in pUSE vector, empty vector (pUSE), recombinant constitutively active and inactive ERK2, Akt1, the NH₂-terminal pleckstrin homology domain of Akt (PH domain, amino acids 1–144), control small interference RNA (siRNA) plasmid (pKD, catalog no. 62-001), and siRNA plasmid pKD-MEK1-v2 (catalog no. 62-152) were purchased from Upstate Biotechnologies (Charlottesville, VA). GenePorter transfection reagent was purchased from Genlantis (Gene Therapy Systems, San Diego, CA). Cell proliferation kit and U0126 were purchased from Promega. Antibodies against phospho-ERK1/2, total ERK1 and ERK2, and horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Antibodies against phospho-Ser⁴⁷³-Akt (antibody no. 9271), phospho-Thr³⁰⁸-Akt (antibody no. 9275), phospho-Ser⁹-glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) (antibody no. 9336), phospho-Ser²⁴⁴⁸-mTOR (antibody no. 2971), total Akt (antibody no. 9272), total GSK (antibody no. 9315), total mTOR (antibody no. 2972), Akt2 (antibody no. 7503), and Akt3 (antibody no. 7506) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma unless otherwise specified.

Cell culture. Wild-type OK cells were a generous gift from Dr. Steven Scheinman (Health Sciences Center, Syracuse, NY). Cells were maintained in minimal essential medium with Earl's salts supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Cell culture and all other studies were carried out at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air-5% CO₂. Cells were fed twice a week and split once a week at a 1:4 ratio. All experiments were carried out using cells at 90–95% confluence. Cells grown on six-well culture plates were washed with serum-free medium for 24 h before use.

Western blot analysis. OK cells were treated with 10 nM ouabain for 15 min. The cells were lysed in lysis buffer containing 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM NaF, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, 1 µg/ml aprotinin, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, 10 µl/ml phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 1, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, and 1% Triton X-100. The cell lysate was homogenized by passing through a 27.5-gauge needle and centrifuged at 20,000 g at 4°C. The supernatant proteins were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The nitrocellulose membrane was incubated in 5% nonfat dry milk in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20 (TTBS) at room temperature for 1 h to inhibit nonspecific binding, followed by overnight incubation at 4°C with anti-phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-Ser⁴⁷³, phospho-Thr³⁰⁸-Akt, phospho-Ser²⁴⁴⁸-mTOR, or phospho-Ser⁹-GSK3 antibodies in 5% milk in TTBS. Location of specific antibodies was detected by incubation with peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies at 1:2,000 dilution in 5% milk in TTBS, followed by development with enhanced chemiluminescence (New England Biolabs). The bands imaged by chemiluminescence were analyzed by densitometry. The films were scanned using a Personal Densitometer SI (Molecular Dynamics).

Transfection of MEK1, Akt, or MEK1 siRNA plasmid cDNA and Akt activity. Constitutively active (CA-MEK), dominant negative (D-MEK), or wild-type MEK1 (WT-MEK1), constitutively active (CA-Akt), dominant negative (D-Akt), or wild-type Akt (WT-Akt) in mammalian expression vector pUSE, or empty pUSE vector was transiently transfected in OK cells using GenePorter transfection reagent according to the manufacturer's protocol and as described previously (21). Akt activity was determined using Western blot analysis with phospho-Ser⁹-GSK3 antibodies. Plasmid siRNA for MEK1 (pKD-MEK1) or pKD negative control siRNA plasmid was transfected as described above.

In vitro phosphorylation of recombinant inactive Akt by recombinant active ERK2. In vitro kinase assay for Akt phosphorylation by recombinant active ERK2 was carried at 30°C for 1 h by adding 1 µl of active recombinant ERK2 (0.1 µg/µl) to 29 µl of kinase buffer containing 20 mM HEPES, 10 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM MnCl₂, 1 mM dithiothreitol, either 1 µM ATP (cold) or 1 µl of [-³²P]ATP, and 1 µl of recombinant inactive Akt1 (0.1 µg/µl) or the pleckstrin homology (Akt-PH, amino acids 1–144) domain of Akt. Active recombinant Akt or MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2; a kinase known to phosphorylate Akt at Ser⁴⁷³; Ref. 35) was used as positive control to identify the phosphorylated Akt band. The reaction was terminated by the addition of 6 µl of 6x Laemmli buffer. The samples were boiled for 3 min, the products were resolved by 4–12% gradient SDS-PAGE, and Akt phosphorylation was detected using either autoradiography or Western blot analysis with phospho-Ser⁴⁷³-Akt antibodies.

Ouabain-sensitive ⁸⁶Rb uptake. Ouabain-sensitive ⁸⁶Rb uptake was measured as described previously (21, 22) as an index of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ion transport. OK cells were pretreated with 5 µM monensin for 30 min. The cells were exposed to 10 nM ouabain for 5 min before a trace amount of ⁸⁶Rb (1 µCi/ml ⁸⁶RbCl) was added in DMEM without serum. Uptake was carried out for 10 min such that total ouabain treatment time was 15 min, after which the cells were washed five to six times with ice-cold PBS. One-half of the cells received ouabain (final concentration 1 mM) added 15 min before the start of ⁸⁶Rb uptake. The cells were lysed overnight in 0.5 N NaOH containing 0.1% Triton X-100 at 37°C. An aliquot (100 µl) of the lysate was used to measure radioactivity. The difference between ⁸⁶Rb uptake measured in the presence of 1 mM and 10 nM of ouabain was used as a measure of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated transport activity. Uptake data are expressed as nanomoles of ⁸⁶Rb accumulated per milligram of protein per minute.

Measurement of cell proliferation. The number of living cells was determined using the CellTiter 96 AQ_ueous One solution reagent (catalog no. G3580; Promega) according to the manufacturer's recommendations as reported previously (22). Briefly, cells were cultured in a 96-well plate (100 µl of culture medium per well) for 6 h and then exposed to 10 nM or 10 µM ouabain for 24 h in the continued presence or absence of U0126. The growth of cells as reflected by metabolism of the tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was determined using CellTiter 96 AQ_ueous One solution reagent. Titer reagent (20 µl) was added directly to culture wells and incubated for 3 h, and the absorbance at 490 nm was measured with a 96-well plate reader to quantify the amount of formazan product. Cells in one lane of the plate (6 wells) were washed twice with 1x PBS and lysed in 0.5% Triton X-100 to determine the amount of protein. The data are expressed as optical density (OD at 490 nm) per milligram of protein.

Protein determination. Protein concentration was determined using a bicinchoninic acid protein kit (Sigma) with BSA as standard.

Statistics. Data are means ± SE. The n values represent the number of separate experiments. Each experiment was done in triplicate. P value was calculated using SigmaStat software utilizing Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's analysis. A P value <0.05 was a priori considered statistically significant.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION GRANTS REFERENCES

 
Effect of ERK on ouabain-mediated Akt phosphorylation. We demonstrated previously that 10 nM ouabain increases Akt phosphorylation (22). To determine whether ERK plays a role in ouabain-mediated Akt phosphorylation, cells were treated for 15 min with 10 nM ouabain in the presence or absence of 10 µM U0126, an inhibitor of upstream activator of ERK (MEK1), or 50 µM Akt inhibitor, an Akt inhibitor that interacts in a complementary manner with the positively charged pocket formed by 1–2 and 3–4 loops of the PH domain of Akt, thereby preventing the binding of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and translocation of Akt to membrane (17). As shown in Fig. 1A, ouabain-mediated Akt phosphorylation at both Ser⁴⁷³ (left) and Thr³⁰⁸ (right) was prevented by inhibition of both Akt and MEK1. Ouabain-mediated Akt phosphorylation resulted in phosphorylation of Akt substrate GSK3 at Ser⁹, which was also prevented by inhibition of Akt and ERK (Fig. 1B, left). Ouabain also promoted phosphorylation of mTOR at Ser²⁴⁴⁸ (Fig. 1B, right). However, mTOR phosphorylation was independent of both Akt and ERK. To confirm that inhibition of ERK prevents ouabain-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, cells were transfected with either control siRNA plasmid (pKD-negative control) or pKD-MEK1-siRNA plasmid 48 h before treatment with 10 nM ouabain. As shown in Fig. 1C, transfection with MEK1 siRNA plasmid abolished ouabain-stimulated Akt and ERK phosphorylation. In cells transfected with control siRNA plasmid, ouabain stimulated both Akt and ERK phosphorylation.

View larger version (39K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Effect of ERK on ouabain-mediated Akt phosphorylation. Opossum kidney (OK) cells were treated for 15 min with 10 nM ouabain in the presence or absence of Akt inhibitor or U0126. Cells were lysed, and the cell lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed with phospho (p)-Ser473 antibodies (A, top left) or p-Thr308-Akt antibodies (A, top right), p-Ser9-glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) antibodies (B, top left), or p-Ser2448-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) antibodies (B, top right). The nitrocellulose membranes were stripped and reprobed for total proteins (A and B, bottom). Representative Western blots are shown. Phosphorylated (phospho) and total band densities were analyzed by densitometry, and the results (means ± SE from 3 independent experiments) are presented as the ratio of phosphorylated to total protein band density. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test. C: OK cells were transfected with either negative control small interference RNA (siRNA; pKD-negative control siRNA) or pKD-MEK1 siRNA plasmid. Cells were treated for 15 min with 10 nM ouabain 48 h after transfection, and the lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed with p-Ser473-Akt (top left) or p-ERK1/2 antibodies (top right). The nitrocellulose membranes were stripped and reprobed with total Akt or total ERK antibodies (bottom). Representative Western blots are shown. Phosphorylated and total protein band densities were analyzed by densitometry, and the results (means ± SE from 3 independent experiments) are presented as the ratio of phosphorylated to total protein band density. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effect of constitutively active MEK1 transfection on Akt phosphorylation. OK cells were transiently transfected with catalytically active (CA-MEK1) or dominant negative MEK1 (D-MEK1), CA- or D-Akt, or empty pUSE vector cDNA (V). Cells were lysed 6 h after transfection, and the lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed with p-ERK1/2 antibodies (A, top), p-Ser473-Akt (B, top), or p-Ser9-GSK3 antibodies (C, top left). The nitrocellulose membranes were stripped and reprobed with respective total proteins (A–C, bottom). Representative Western blots are shown. Phosphorylated and total protein band densities were analyzed by densitometry, and the results (means ± SE from 3 independent experiments) are presented as the ratio of phosphorylated to total protein band density. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test. Akt-T, transfected Akt; C, control. C, right: OK cells were transiently transfected with vector, wild-type (WT)-Akt, or WT-MEK1 and lysed 24 h after transfection. The lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed with p-Ser473-Akt or p-ERK1/2 antibodies. Representative Western blots from 2 independent experiments are shown. D: recombinant inactive Akt1 was in vitro phosphorylated by catalytically active recombinant ERK2 in the presence of radioactive (left) or nonlabeled ATP (right) as described in EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES. A representative autoradiogram of phosphorylated proteins (left) is shown. Solid arrows indicate the phosphorylated Akt band, whereas broken arrow shows autophosphorylation of the respective kinase. The gels were exposed for 1 h to detect autophosphorylation of active recombinant Akt (positive control, last lane). Samples that underwent phosphorylation in presence of nonlabeled ATP were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with p-Ser473-Akt antibodies. The blots were stripped and probed with total Akt antibodies. The blots were again stripped and reprobed with ERK2 antibodies. A representative Western blot from 2 independent experiments is shown.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effect of forskolin and PMA on Akt and ERK phosphorylation. Cells were treated for 15 min with either 10 µM forskolin or 1 µM PMA. Cell lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed with p-Ser473-Akt or total Akt (top) or p-ERK1/2 or total ERK antibodies (bottom). Representative Western blots from 2 independent experiments are shown.

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effect of ouabain on ERK phosphorylation. OK cells were treated for 15 min with ouabain. The cell lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed for p-ERK1/2. The nitrocellulose membranes were stripped and reprobed for total ERK. Phosphorylated and total protein band densities were analyzed by densitometry, and the results (means ± SE from 3 independent experiments) are presented as the ratio of phosphorylated to total protein band density. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Role of Akt, Src kinase, and ERK on ouabain-stimulated 86Rb uptake. Intact cells were pretreated for 30 min with Akt inhibitor, PP2, or U0126, followed by incubation with 10 nM ouabain for 5 min at 25°C. Ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake was measured over a 10-min period such that the total time of ouabain treatment was 15 min. Each bar represents mean ± SE (nmol 86Rb uptake·mg protein–1·10 min–1) from 6 independent experiments performed in triplicate. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Role of Akt, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K), and Src kinase on ouabain-mediated ERK phosphorylation. OK cells were treated for 15 min with 10 nM ouabain in the presence of PP2 (an inhibitor of Src kinase) or genistein (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) (A) or Akt inhibitor, LY-294002 (LY; an inhibitor of PI-3K), or U0196 (an inhibitor of MEK1) (B). The cell lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed for p-ERK1/2. The blots were stripped and reprobed for total ERK. Representative Western blots from 3 independent experiments are shown. Phosphorylated and total protein band densities were analyzed by densitometry, and the results (means ± SE from 3 independent experiments) are presented as the ratio of phosphorylated to total protein band density. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test. G, genistein; Ou, ouabain.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Role of calcium on ouabain-mediated ERK phosphorylation. OK cells were treated for 15 min with 10 nM ouabain in the presence of 8-(diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8; A) or EGTA, BAPTA-AM, or SKF-96365 (B). The cell lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed for p-ERK1/2. The blots were stripped and reprobed for total ERK. Representative Western blots from 3 independent experiments are shown. Phosphorylated and total protein band densities were analyzed by densitometry, and the results (means ± SE from 3 independent experiments) are presented as the ratio of phosphorylated to total protein band density. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test. B, BAPTA; SKF, SKF-96365; E, EGTA.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Role of PLC on ouabain-mediated ERK phosphorylation. OK cells were treated for 15 min with 10 nM ouabain in presence of edelfosine (a PLC inhibitor). The cell lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed for p-ERK1/2. The blots were stripped and reprobed for total ERK. A representative Western blot from three independent experiments is shown. Phosphorylated and total protein band densities were analyzed by densitometry, and the results (means ± SE from 3 independent experiments) are presented as the ratio of phospho- to total protein band density. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Effect of ERK on ouabain-stimulated cell proliferation. OK cells were treated with 10 nM or 10 µM ouabain after the cells were attached to the 96-well plate for 24 h. Cell proliferation was measured as described in EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES. Each data point represents the mean ± SE from 24 independent experiments. *P < 0.05 compared with control by 1-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's analysis. Some cells were lysed after 1, 3, or 6 h after ouabain (10 µM) treatment. The cell lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred, and probed for p-ERK1/2. The blots were stripped and reprobed for total ERK. A representative Western blot from 2 independent experiments is shown.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION GRANTS REFERENCES

Several kinases have been proposed as a hydrophobic motif kinase that phosphorylates Akt on Ser⁴⁷³. These include integrin-linked kinase (4, 40), PKC (33), PKCII (20), double-stranded DNA-dependent protein kinase (8, 15), ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (41), and mTOR (16, 37). Akt has also been shown to autophosphorylate at Ser⁴⁷³ (39). The data presented suggest that in the ouabain-stimulated signaling cascade, ERK is required for Akt phosphorylation at Ser⁴⁷³. In this study, using RNA interference-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibitors, we have shown that inhibition of ERK phosphorylation prevents ouabain-mediated Akt phosphorylation at Ser⁴⁷³. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that overexpression of catalytically active MEK1, an upstream activator of ERK1/2, induces Akt phosphorylation. Our results are in agreement with studies by Delehedde et al. (5), who showed that hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) activates Akt phosphorylation in an ERK-dependent manner, leading to cell migration in rat mammary fibroblasts. They demonstrated that HGF/SF-mediated Akt phosphorylation was prevented by PD-98059. Kotova et al. (24) demonstrated that in human skeletal muscle cells, ouabain induces glycogen synthesis through a pathway involving Src kinase, ERK1/2, and p90rsk1. They further showed that activation of ERK1/2 leads to activation of p90rsk1. The data presented do not allow us to speculate whether ERK directly or indirectly through p90rsk1 phosphorylates Akt at Ser⁴⁷³ in the ouabain-stimulated signaling cascade. However, studies on the in vitro kinase reaction suggest the ability of ERK to directly phosphorylate Akt. The data presented also rule out the dependence of Akt phosphorylation at Ser⁴⁷³ on mTOR in cells stimulated with ouabain, since both U0126 and Akt inhibitor had no effect on ouabain-induced mTOR phosphorylation.

We and others have demonstrated that low doses of ouabain increase Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ⁸⁶Rb uptake (9–11, 22). However, the mechanism underlying stimulation of ⁸⁶Rb uptake is not well understood. Our data suggest that the observed ⁸⁶Rb uptake stimulation is dependent on a signaling cascade initiated by 10 nM ouabain. The response was prevented by inhibitors of Akt, ERK, and Src kinase. This fits in with a report by Al-Khalili et al. (2), who showed that ERK, Akt, and tyrosine kinases contribute to insulin-dependent increase of ⁸⁶Rb uptake in human skeletal muscle cells. In that study, the stimulation of ⁸⁶Rb uptake was due to increased expression of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase protein in the plasma membrane. Kotova et al. (24) recently demonstrated that cardiotonic glycosides increase glycogen synthesis through an ERK- and Src-dependent pathway in human skeletal muscle cells. Oweis et al. (32) demonstrated that ouabain at a concentration of 100 nM inhibits Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger (NHE3) activity, reduces NHE3 mRNA, and suppresses NHE3 promoter activity in LLC-PK1 cells. Furthermore, they showed that the decrease in NHE3 activity was mediated through Src kinase and tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanisms. However, the authors did not measure Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity at a 100 nM concentration. Whether ouabain-stimulated increase in ⁸⁶Rb uptake in our study is due to an increase in phosphorylation of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit, increased abundance of active Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase molecules at the plasma membrane, or indirectly due to stimulation of NHE3 activity remains to be determined.

Several investigators have demonstrated that ouabain mediates ERK phosphorylation through Src kinase and PLC activation (38, 45). Importantly, it has been demonstrated that Src kinase associates with Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase when LLC-PK1 cells are exposed to low concentrations of ouabain (38). We have recently demonstrated that Akt phosphorylation is dependent on PLC (22). Based on the observed ability of PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor), genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor), and edelfosine (PLC inhibitor) to suppress ERK phosphorylation by ouabain, the results from the present study suggest that ERK phosphorylation in OK cells is dependent on both Src kinase and PLC. Studies from the laboratory of Askari and colleagues (23, 30, 31) suggest that ERK phosphorylation by ouabain may occur through two independent pathways. one through Src-mediated activation of Ras-Raf MEK pathway and the other through PLC-dependent, PKC-mediated direct phosphorylation of ERK. However, from the data presented in this report, we cannot determine whether Src and PLC are linked or are two independent pathways.

Unlike Akt phosphorylation, ouabain-mediated ERK phosphorylation was not prevented by inhibitors of PI-3K, suggesting that ERK phosphorylation is independent of PI-3K. This observation may be explained by the fact that Akt requires binding of phosphoinositides to the NH₂-terminal PH domain for its translocation to the membrane, where Akt then undergoes phosphorylation at Thr³⁰⁸ and Ser⁴⁷³ to become fully active (36). Generation of phosphoinositides by PI-3K is thus an important step in regulation of Akt activity. In contrast, ERK phosphorylation may not require PI-3K as was suggested by Kotova et al. (24).

Ouabain is known to alter cytoplasmic calcium dynamics even at ouabain concentrations too low to inhibit Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump activity. For example, Aizman et al. (1) demonstrated that ouabain elicits calcium oscillations in proximal tubule cells. Findings in the present study suggest that phosphorylation of ERK is dependent on both extracellular and intracellular calcium. The ouabain-mediated ERK phosphorylation was suppressed under conditions where the concentration of extracellular calcium was reduced and by TMB-8, a nonspecific intracellular calcium inhibitor that can prevent release of calcium from cytoplasmic stores. Chelation of intracellular calcium by BAPTA-AM prevented ouabain-mediated ERK phosphorylation, confirming the requirement of intracellular calcium in the ouabain-initiated signaling cascade. Importantly, the ERK response was sensitive to SKF-96365, an inhibitor of calcium entry via store-operated calcium channels. In the presence of SKF-96365, ouabain did not phosphorylate ERK. It is noteworthy that ouabain is reported to elicit activation of store-operated calcium channels in astrocytes (13), and there is evidence pointing toward disturbance of calcium dynamics following interaction of ouabain with the ₂-isoform of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (12, 13).

The role of ouabain in cell proliferation, growth, and apoptosis has been difficult to define. Some studies suggest that ouabain causes cell proliferation and hypertrophy (6, 30), whereas others have shown that ouabain treatment leads to apoptosis (34, 42). Different response patterns may depend on the concentration of ouabain. We and others have shown that 10 nM ouabain significantly stimulates cell growth. The effect of ouabain on cell proliferation can be prevented by inhibition of calcium mobilization (22, 25) or by Akt inhibition (22). In the present study we confirmed that the effect of ouabain on cell proliferation requires ERK phosphorylation and does not require inhibition of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ion transport. Indeed, a reduction in cell number and decreased ERK expression was seen following exposure of OK cells to ouabain at a concentration of 10 µM, which is sufficient to cause 40% inhibition in Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ion transport.

In summary, the findings demonstrate that ERK phosphorylation by ouabain is required for Akt phosphorylation and cell proliferation in OK cells. The findings point to a link between Akt and ERK phosphorylation and the effect of 10 nM ouabain on Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ⁸⁶Rb uptake and cell proliferation. The findings support the notion that ouabain is able to change the pattern of cell growth at concentrations significantly lower than the concentration required to inhibit Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-mediated ion transport.

	GRANTS

TOP ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION GRANTS REFERENCES

 
The work was supported by a Fellowship Grant from The American Heart Association, Ohio Valley Affiliate (to S. J. Khundmiri) and a Scientist Development Grant (to S. J. Khundmiri and M. J. Rane), National Institutes of Health Grants EY040414 (to N. A. Delamere) and R56 AI059165 (to M. J. Rane), and a Project Grant from the J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville (to N. A. Delamere).

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We thank Dr. Eleanor Lederer, Professor of Medicine, University of Louisville, for critical reading of the manuscript. We also thank Nina Lesousky and Sudarshana Sengupta for expert technical assistance.

	FOOTNOTES

 

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: S. J. Khundmiri, Kidney Disease Program, Univ. of Louisville, 570 S Preston St., South POD 102, Louisville, KY 40202 (e-mail: syed.khundmiri{at}louisville.edu)

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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