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MUSCLE CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL MOTILITY

Upregulation of RGS4 expression by IL-1β in colonic smooth muscle is enhanced by ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and inhibited by the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway

¹Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and ²Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Submitted 7 November 2008 ; accepted in final form 9 April 2009

Initial Ca²⁺-dependent contraction of intestinal smooth muscle is inhibited upon IL-1β treatment. The decrease in contraction reflects the upregulation of regulator of G protein signaling-4 (RGS4) via the canonical inhibitor of NF-B kinase-2 (IKK2)/IB-/NF-B pathway. Here, we show that the activation of various protein kinases, including ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), differentially modulates IL-1β-induced upregulation of RGS4 in rabbit colonic muscle cells. IL-1β treatment caused a transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. It also caused the phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), sequential downstream effectors of PI3K. Pretreatment with PD-98059 (an ERK inhibitor) and SB-203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced RGS4 expression. In contrast, LY-294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) augmented, whereas GSK3β inhibitors inhibited, IL-1β-induced RGS4 expression. PD-98059 blocked IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of IKK2, degradation of IB-, and phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-B subunit p65, whereas SB-203580 had a marginal effect, implying that the effect of ERK1/2 is exerted on the canonical IKK2/IB-/p65 pathway of NF-B activation but that the effect of p38 MAPK may not predominantly involve NF-B signaling. The increase in RGS4 expression enhanced by LY-294002 was accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation of IKK2/IB-/p65 and blocked by pretreatment with inhibitors of IKK2 (IKK2-IV) and IB- (MG-132). Inhibition of GSK3β abolished IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of IKK2/p65. These findings suggest that ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK enhance IL-1β-induced upregulation of RGS4; the effect of ERK1/2 reflects its ability to promote IKK2 phosphorylation and increase NF-B activity. GSK3β acts normally to augment the activation of the canonical NF-B signaling. The PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway attenuates IL-1β-induced upregulation of RGS4 expression by inhibiting NF-B activation.

smooth muscle cells; rabbit; short interfering RNA; nuclear factor-B; signal transduction; regulator of G protein signaling; interleukin-1β; extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; mitogen-activated protein kinase; phosphoinositide 3-kinase