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Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292: C413-C422, 2007. First published September 13, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2006
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RECEPTORS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Analysis of DHE-derived oxidation products by HPLC in the assessment of superoxide production and NADPH oxidase activity in vascular systems

Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute, InCor, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil

Submitted 14 April 2006 ; accepted in final form 9 September 2006

Dihydroethidium (DHE) is a widely used sensitive superoxide (O₂^–) probe. However, DHE oxidation yields at least two fluorescent products, 2-hydroxyethidium (EOH), known to be more specific for O₂^–, and the less-specific product ethidium. We validated HPLC methods to allow quantification of DHE products in usual vascular experimental situations. Studies in vitro showed that xanthine/xanthine oxidase, and to a lesser degree peroxynitrite/carbon dioxide system led to EOH and ethidium formation. Peroxidase/H₂O₂ but not H₂O₂ alone yielded ethidium as the main product. In vascular smooth muscle cells incubated with ANG II (100 nM, 4 h), we showed a 60% increase in EOH/DHE ratio, prevented by PEG-SOD or SOD1 overexpression. We further validated a novel DHE-based NADPH oxidase assay in vascular smooth muscle cell membrane fractions, showing that EOH was uniquely increased after ANG II. This assay was also adapted to a fluorescence microplate reader, providing results in line with HPLC results. In injured artery slices, shown to exhibit increased DHE-derived fluorescence at microscopy, there was 1.5- to 2-fold increase in EOH/DHE and ethidium/DHE ratios after injury, and PEG-SOD inhibited only EOH formation. We found that the amount of ethidium product and EOH/ethidium ratios are influenced by factors such as cell density and ambient light. In addition, we indirectly disclosed potential roles of heme groups and peroxidase activity in ethidium generation. Thus HPLC analysis of DHE-derived oxidation products can improve assessment of O₂^– production or NADPH oxidase activity in many vascular experimental studies.

hydroethidine; dihydroethidium; peroxidase; vascular smooth muscle cells; angioplasty

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