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MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS, ION CHANNELS, AND PUMPS
1Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; and 2Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Submitted 31 May 2005 ; accepted in final form 30 July 2005
Brain edema that forms during the early stages of stroke involves increased transport of Na+ and Cl– across an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our previous studies have shown that a luminal BBB Na+-K+-Cl– cotransporter is stimulated by conditions present during ischemia and that inhibition of the cotransporter by intravenous bumetanide greatly reduces edema formation in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. The present study focused on investigating the effects of hypoxia, which develops rapidly in the brain during ischemia, on the activity and expression of the BBB Na+-K+-Cl– cotransporter, as well as on Na+-K+-ATPase activity, cell ATP content, and intracellular volume. Cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were assessed for Na+-K+-Cl– cotransporter and Na+-K+-ATPase activities as bumetanide-sensitive and ouabain-sensitive 86Rb influxes, respectively. ATP content was assessed by luciferase assay and intracellular volume by [3H]-3-O-methyl-D-glucose and [14C]-sucrose equilibration. We found that 30-min exposure of CMECs to hypoxia ranging from 7.5% to 0.5% O2 (vs. 19% normoxic O2) significantly increased cotransporter activity as did 7.5% or 2% O2 for up to 2 h. This was not associated with reduction in Na+-K+-ATPase activity or ATP content. CMEC intracellular volume increased only after 4 to 5 h of hypoxia. Furthermore, glucose and pyruvate deprivation increased cotransporter activity under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Finally, we found that hypoxia increased phosphorylation but not abundance of the cotransporter protein. These findings support the hypothesis that hypoxia stimulation of the BBB Na+-K+-Cl– cotransporter contributes to ischemia-induced brain edema formation.
edema; blood-brain barrier; bumetanide; cell volume
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