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VASCULAR BIOLOGY
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and the Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
Submitted 17 July 2002 ; accepted in final form 22 October 2003
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promotes immunity and modulates cell viability, in part, by promoting alterations of cellular gene expression. The mechanisms through which TNF communicates with the nucleus and alters gene expression are incompletely understood. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with TNF induces phosphorylation of the CRE-binding protein (CREB) transcription factor on serine 133 and increases CREB DNA binding and transactivation. Dominant negative CREB, an antagonist antibody directed against the type 1 TNF receptor, or pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling blocked TNF-induced CREB activation as determined by phosphorylation and gene reporter assays. From among the kinases that can activate CREB, we found that downstream of p38 MAPK, MSK1 is activated by TNF to promote CREB activation. These observations show that CREB is activated by TNF/TNFR1 signaling through a p38MAPK/MSK1 signaling pathway.
cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate response element
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