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GROWTH, DIFFERENTIATION, AND APOPTOSIS

TNF- is a mitogen in skeletal muscle

Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030

Submitted 30 September 2002 ; accepted in final form 16 April 2003

Emerging evidence suggests that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- plays a role in muscle repair. To determine whether TNF- modulates satellite cell proliferation, the current study evaluated TNF- effects on DNA synthesis in primary myoblasts and on satellite cell activation in adult mouse muscle. Exposure to recombinant TNF- increased total DNA content in rat primary myoblasts dose-dependently over a 24-h period and increased the number of primary myoblasts incorporating 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) during a 30-min pulse labeling. Systemic injection of TNF- stimulated BrdU incorporation by satellite cells in muscles of adult mice, whereas no BrdU was incorporated by satellite cells in control mice. TNF- stimulated serum response factor (SRF) binding to the serum response element (SRE) present in the c-fos gene promoter and stimulated reporter gene expression controlled by the same element. Our data suggest that TNF- activates satellite cells to enter the cell cycle and accelerates G₁-to-S phase transition, and these actions may involve activation of early response genes via SRF.

cytokine; cell cycle; satellite cells; serum response factor; c-fos

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