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Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282: C227-C241, 2002; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00112.2001
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Vol. 282, Issue 2, C227-C241, February 2002

INVITED REVIEW
Reactive species mechanisms of cellular hypoxia-reoxygenation injury

Chuanyu Li and Robert M. Jackson

Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham 35233; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294

Exacerbation of hypoxic injury after restoration of oxygenation (reoxygenation) is an important mechanism of cellular injury in transplantation and in myocardial, hepatic, intestinal, cerebral, renal, and other ischemic syndromes. Cellular hypoxia and reoxygenation are two essential elements of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Activated neutrophils contribute to vascular reperfusion injury, yet posthypoxic cellular injury occurs in the absence of inflammatory cells through mechanisms involving reactive oxygen (ROS) or nitrogen species (RNS). Xanthine oxidase (XO) produces ROS in some reoxygenated cells, but other intracellular sources of ROS are abundant, and XO is not required for reoxygenation injury. Hypoxic or reoxygenated mitochondria may produce excess superoxide (O<UP><SUB>2</SUB><SUP>−</SUP></UP>) and release H2O2, a diffusible long-lived oxidant that can activate signaling pathways or react vicinally with proteins and lipid membranes. This review focuses on the specific roles of ROS and RNS in the cellular response to hypoxia and subsequent cytolytic injury during reoxygenation.

anoxia; ischemia; reperfusion


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