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Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280: C970-C979, 2001;
0363-6143/01 $5.00
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Vol. 280, Issue 4, C970-C979, April 2001

Activation of K+ channels induces apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells

Stefanie Krick, Oleksandr Platoshyn, Michele Sweeney, Hyong Kim, and Jason X.-J. Yuan

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92103-8382

Intracellular K+ plays an important role in controlling the cytoplasmic ion homeostasis for maintaining cell volume and inhibiting apoptotic enzymes in the cytosol and nucleus. Cytoplasmic K+ concentration is mainly regulated by K+ uptake via Na+-K+-ATPase and K+ efflux through K+ channels in the plasma membrane. Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), a protonophore that dissipates the H+ gradient across the inner membrane of mitochondria, induces apoptosis in many cell types. In rat and human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), FCCP opened the large-conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-sensitive K+ (maxi-K) channels, increased K+ currents through maxi-K channels [IK(Ca)], and induced apoptosis. Tetraethylammonia (1 mM) and iberiotoxin (100 nM) decreased IK(Ca) by blocking the sarcolemmal maxi-K channels and inhibited the FCCP-induced apoptosis in PASMC cultured in media containing serum and growth factors. Furthermore, inhibition of K+ efflux by raising extracellular K+ concentration from 5 to 40 mM also attenuated PASMC apoptosis induced by FCCP and the K+ ionophore valinomycin. These results suggest that FCCP-mediated apoptosis in PASMC is partially due to an increase of maxi-K channel activity. The resultant K+ loss through opened maxi-K channels may serve as a trigger for cell shrinkage and caspase activation, which are major characteristics of apoptosis in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells.

mitochondrial membrane potential; cytoplasmic calcium; pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells


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