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1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405; and 2 Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Local intracellular Ca2+
transients, termed Ca2+ sparks, are caused by the
coordinated opening of a cluster of ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of
smooth muscle cells. Ca2+ sparks are activated by
Ca2+ entry through dihydropyridine-sensitive
voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, although the precise
mechanisms of communication of Ca2+ entry to
Ca2+ spark activation are not clear in smooth muscle.
Ca2+ sparks act as a positive-feedback element to increase
smooth muscle contractility, directly by contributing to the global
cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration
([Ca2+]) and indirectly by increasing
Ca2+ entry through membrane potential depolarization,
caused by activation of Ca2+ spark-activated
Cl
channels. Ca2+ sparks also have a
profound negative-feedback effect on contractility by decreasing
Ca2+ entry through membrane potential hyperpolarization,
caused by activation of large-conductance, Ca2+-sensitive
K+ channels. In this review, the roles of Ca2+
sparks in positive- and negative-feedback regulation of smooth muscle
function are explored. We also propose that frequency and amplitude
modulation of Ca2+ sparks by contractile and relaxant
agents is an important mechanism to regulate smooth muscle function.
ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel; voltage-dependent calcium channel; calcium-sensitive potassium channel; calcium-activated chloride channel; sarcoplasmic reticulum
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C. White and J. G. McGeown Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors modulate Ca2+ sparks and Ca2+ store content in vas deferens myocytes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2003; 285(1): C195 - C204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Yashiro and B. R. Duling Participation of intracellular Ca2+ stores in arteriolar conducted responses Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H65 - H73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Dopico Ethanol sensitivity of BKCa channels from arterial smooth muscle does not require the presence of the beta 1-subunit Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): C1468 - C1480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. C. Amberg, S. D. Koh, Y. Imaizumi, S. Ohya, and K. M. Sanders A-type potassium currents in smooth muscle Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): C583 - C595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A S Piper and W A Large Multiple conductance states of single Ca2+-activated Cl- channels in rabbit pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells J. Physiol., February 15, 2003; 547(1): 181 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Karkanis, L. DeYoung, G. B. Brock, and S. M. Sims Ca2+-activated Cl- channels in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle: a novel mechanism for control of penile erection J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 301 - 313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Heppner, A. D. Bonev, L. F. Santana, and M. T. Nelson Alkaline pH shifts Ca2+ sparks to Ca2+ waves in smooth muscle cells of pressurized cerebral arteries Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2169 - H2176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R E Haddock and C E Hill Differential activation of ion channels by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)- and ryanodine-sensitive calcium stores in rat basilar artery vasomotion J. Physiol., December 1, 2002; 545(2): 615 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Y Cheranov and J. H Jaggar Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium load regulates rat arterial smooth muscle calcium sparks and transient KCa currents J. Physiol., October 1, 2002; 544(1): 71 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. M. Tolic-Norrelykke, J. P. Butler, J. Chen, and N. Wang Spatial and temporal traction response in human airway smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): C1254 - C1266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R Flemming, A Cheong, A M Dedman, and D J Beech Discrete store-operated calcium influx into an intracellular compartment in rabbit arteriolar smooth muscle J. Physiol., September 1, 2002; 543(2): 455 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. W Hennig, C. B Smith, D. M O'Shea, and T. K Smith Patterns of intracellular and intercellular Ca2+ waves in the longitudinal muscle layer of the murine large intestine In vitro J. Physiol., August 15, 2002; 543(1): 233 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Orio, P. Rojas, G. Ferreira, and R. Latorre New Disguises for an Old Channel: MaxiK Channel {beta}-Subunits Physiology, August 1, 2002; 17(4): 156 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. White and J G. McGeown Carbachol triggers RyR-dependent Ca2+ release via activation of IP3 receptors in isolated rat gastric myocytes J. Physiol., August 1, 2002; 542(3): 725 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. V. Remillard, W.-M. Zhang, L. A. Shimoda, and J. S. K. Sham Physiological properties and functions of Ca2+ sparks in rat intrapulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, August 1, 2002; 283(2): L433 - L444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Rossi, I. Simeoni, M. Micheli, M. Bootman, P. Lipp, P. D. Allen, and V. Sorrentino RyR1 and RyR3 isoforms provide distinct intracellular Ca2+ signals in HEK 293 cells J. Cell Sci., June 15, 2002; 115(12): 2497 - 2504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. J. Janssen Ionic mechanisms and Ca2+ regulation in airway smooth muscle contraction: do the data contradict dogma? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): L1161 - L1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. M Herrera and M. T Nelson Differential regulation of SK and BK channels by Ca2+ signals from Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors in guinea-pig urinary bladder myocytes J. Physiol., June 1, 2002; 541(2): 483 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-H. Lee, D. Poburko, K.-H. Kuo, C. Y. Seow, and C. van Breemen Ca2+ oscillations, gradients, and homeostasis in vascular smooth muscle Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2002; 282(5): H1571 - H1583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. C. Wellman, D. J. Nathan, C. M. Saundry, G. Perez, A. D. Bonev, P. L. Penar, B. I. Tranmer, and M. T. Nelson Ca2+ Sparks and Their Function in Human Cerebral Arteries Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 802 - 808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Pacher, A. P. Thomas, and G. Hajnoczky Ca2+ marks: Miniature calcium signals in single mitochondria driven by ryanodine receptors PNAS, February 19, 2002; 99(4): 2380 - 2385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. N Bradley, E. R M Flynn, T. C Muir, and J. G McCarron Ca2+ regulation in guinea-pig colonic smooth muscle: the role of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger and the sarcoplasmic reticulum J. Physiol., January 15, 2002; 538(2): 465 - 482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. J. Perez, A. D. Bonev, and M. T. Nelson Micromolar Ca2+ from sparks activates Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels in rat cerebral artery smooth muscle Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): C1769 - C1775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. A. Porter, M. T. Rhodes, H. L. Reeve, and D. N. Cornfield Oxygen-induced fetal pulmonary vasodilation is mediated by intracellular calcium activation of KCa channels Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): L1379 - L1385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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