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University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Departments of Internal Medicine, Physiology, and Biophysics and Pathology, Galveston, Texas 77555
Myofibroblasts are a
unique group of smooth-muscle-like fibroblasts that have a similar
appearance and function regardless of their tissue of residence.
Through the secretion of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines,
chemokines, growth factors, both lipid and gaseous inflammatory
mediators, as well as extracellular matrix proteins and proteases, they
play an important role in organogenesis and oncogenesis, inflammation,
repair, and fibrosis in most organs and tissues. Platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor are two secreted proteins
responsible for differentiating myofibroblasts from embryological stem
cells. These and other growth factors cause proliferation of
myofibroblasts, and myofibroblast secretion of extracellular matrix
(ECM) molecules and various cytokines and growth factors causes
mobility, proliferation, and differentiation of epithelial or
parenchymal cells. Repeated cycles of injury and repair lead to organ
or tissue fibrosis through secretion of ECM by the myofibroblasts.
Transforming growth factor-
and the PDGF family of growth factors
are the key factors in the fibrotic response. Because of their
ubiquitous presence in all tissues, myofibroblasts play important roles
in various organ diseases and perhaps in multisystem diseases as well.
platelet-derived growth factor; stem cell factor; transforming
growth factor-; wound repair; fibrosis; inflammation; immunophysiology
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